Titration Test Instructions for Homemade Biodiesel

One hundred percent virgin or lightly used waste vegetable oil (WVO) requires 3.5 grams of lye per liter of oil to cause a biodiesel reaction. Heavily used oil can require significantly more and must be tested to evaluate its acidity. Titration is a common method used to determine the appropriate amount of lye (base) needed for a particular batch of WVO. How to Perform a Titration Test Equipment Needed an electronic scale or beam balance2 beakers or jarsa graduated dropperlitmus test strips or electronic pH meterlyeisopropyl alcoholdistilled water Steps to Complete a Titration Test Measure 1 gram of lye on a scale.Measure 1 liter of distilled water into a beaker.Thoroughly mix the gram of lye with the liter of water until it’s dissolved.Measure 10 milliliters of isopropyl alcohol into a separate beaker.Thoroughly mix 1 milliliter of used vegetable oil into the alcohol.With a graduated eyedropper, put a 1-milliliter drop of the lye/water mix into the oil/alcohol mix.Immediately check the pH level of the oil/alcohol mix with a piece of litmus paper or an electronic pH meter.Repeat step 7, keeping track of the number of drops used, until the oil/alcohol mix has reached a pH level of between 8 and 9--normally no more than 4 drops.Calculate the amount of lye needed for the biodiesel reaction by adding 3.5 (amount of lye used for virgin oil) to the number of drops from step 7. For example: suppose a titration uses 3 drops of lye/water. Adding 3.0 plus 3.5 6.5. This hypothetical batch of oil requires 6.5 grams of lye per liter of oil.

Zechariah Is The Doctrine Of End Times - 1213 Words

One of the major themes of the book of Zechariah is Old Testament Eschatology. Eschatology is the doctrine of end times, or the study of last things. Zechariah’s message is divided into three main sections. The first section, chapters 1-8, is considered apocalyptic and is filled with eight visions succeeding one another in one night.The second section, chapters 7-8, delivered two years later, are an answer to the question whether the days of fasting and mourning for the destruction of the city should be kept any longer, and an assurance to the people of God s presence and blessing. The third and final section, chapters 9-14, consists of two oracles. The first oracle (9-11) addresses God s dealings with His people. The second oracle (12–14) points out the final conflict and triumph of God s kingdom. In the first section, Zechariah details a series of eight supernatural visions the Lord reveals to Him. These visions are apocalyptic in nature and are communicated to encourage the people to finish rebuilding the Temple, which at that point was five months into reconstruction. These visions are given to relay hope for the people’s future and the future of the city of the Temple, Jerusalem. The first vision (1:7-17) consists of four angelic riders on four horses of various colors. The angelic rider on the red horse dismounts his horse in the middle of a grove of myrtle trees. Zechariah asks the meaning of this vision and the angel of the Lord responds. The horses and ridersShow MoreRelatedThomas Langford s Central Doctrines Of The Christian Faith960 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Langford describes central doctrines of the Christian faith with one of them being that we confess that the reign (kingdom) of God is both a present and future reality. In the Old Testament, God s king dom is portrayed as a place where the Lord rules over all. 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The mere fact that the individual writings are written by human men â€Å"under the inspiration of God† just bothers me to no end. Knowing the imperfections of man, and how things always get twisted, embellished, misinterpreted, and/or generally made more grandiose than originally told has always made me wonder: What were God’s original thoughts and meanings on any particular subject? What hasRead MoreThe Human Nature Of Consciousness Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesm easured. Human existence has transcended from being a simple organism living with survival instincts: hunting and gathering food for our kin, to working boring jobs to feed the family and to have just enough leisurely time to assure yourself not to jump off the nearest building to end it all. The question is - can an organism become complex enough to consciously choose what they believe is morally right with free will. Do we live for others or ourselves? 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Being Fat a Big Issue Free Essays

Being Fat a Big Issue Daniel Gutierrez English 1430, Fall 2010, Section 02 Professor A. Hepner October 14th, 2010 Daniel Gutierrez A. Hepner ENG 1300-01 October 14th, 2010 Being Fat a Big Issue Being fat is one of the biggest issues lately. We will write a custom essay sample on Being Fat a Big Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our society has created a stereotype of how people should look and it is not exactly a fat boy/girl. People who are fat have suffered every day for how they look and many times our society ignores fat people’s feelings. Obese people have been suffering depression and discrimination for being fat, even though sometimes it is a disease or compulsive eating (eating disorder) that makes them fat, there are also some irresponsible cases of eating unhealthily and it not working out. Obese people today tend to be discriminated for being fat in our society. Overweight people are not different to us; they are people like you and me, for that reason we should not judge them. They are part of our society and they deserve respect and understanding. Ms. Claudia Gomez said, â€Å"It is hard for us when I take the bus and everybody looking us like if we are different or if we are funny, they don’t know how painful it is. † In addition, there are some studies to show that depression can be responsible for overweight especially in women (Overweight and Depression). Moreover, some obese people have eating disorder like compulsive overeating. Compulsive overeating is an addiction to food in big quantities. People suffering compulsive overeating used to eat to hide their emotions, to avoid what they feel inside or their life problems. As Susie Orbach said in her essay, Fat as a Feminist Issue, â€Å"Women suffering from the problem of compulsive eating endure double anguish: feeling out of step with the rest of society, and believing that it is all their own fault†¦. (201)† Overweight people have a disease which means people having extra body weight from muscle, bone and fat (What are Overweight and Obesity). There are some options to lose weight such as: surgery, diets by a nutritionist, exercise and some medicines. According to Medline Plus one of the common options for very obese people is the Gastric by Pass Surgery. After this surgery the patients will not be capable of eating like they ate before. This is an alternative to lose weight faster but also the patients have to follow a diet and do exercise (Gastric Bypass Surgery). Furthermore, obese people have not been practicing healthy habits. The most common unhealthy habits among overweight people are: they do not do exercise, they eat too frequently, usually eat more than one time at the same meal, they stay away from lightest activities (like use the stairs or walk a little), and they eat when they are not truly hungry (Frisch). Likewise, overweight people might be more responsible. Everybody knows what we can do or what we can’t. If I know that I’m gaining weight, I also know that I have to take care of what I eat and do exercise. But many obese people know that they are fat and they still eat unhealthy food and also they do not do exercise. I think this is happening because we like to blame the circumstances (depression, divorce, childhood, etc). But at the same time they also know that being overweight may not be their fault but they are responsible to remain so, because what we do is our choice. Even though there are many advertisements that encourage us to eat unhealthy, nobody is forcing us to eat that food. Also you are the only one who can make the simple decision of taking the elevator or go up stairs. Being obese or overweight is an irresponsible act that makes people sick and this affects everybody because this is a public health problem that should not be. In his essay, What You Eat Is Your Business, Radley Balko maintains that, â€Å"the best way to alleviate the obesity â€Å"public health† crisis is to remove obesity from the realm of public health (157). As he said, here some people would probably say that people should be responsible with their own health because we are the only ones who make the choice of living healthy or not. On the other hand, some fat people are proud of how they are. Mr. Alvarado who is weighting around 310 pounds describes himself as a big man and he said, â€Å"I don’t feel bad because I’m fat, I am happy how I am, a big man. I’m comfortable with my weight, I am healthy and I don’t want to change because the society says that people should be thin. In my opinion, over the years and following the bad habits that he has, I am not sure if he is going to be healthy. He maybe is proud of how he is but if he does not start to eat healthy and do exercise, he is going to see the consequences in a few years. In conclusion, being obese or overweight is an issue but it is also a disease. Although, it is unhealthy and unsightly, the hardest is some of them feel like they cannot fit in our society. In my opinion, we should not judge them; we should help them to make the correct decision to have a healthy life and also we have to change the stereotype that the society has showed us. Also, I used to think all obese people were unhappy to be fat. But my recent researches show me that some obese people simply do not care what people say about them and they are happy how they are. Works Cited Pages: †¢ â€Å"Compulsive Overeating† Something Fishy, Website on Eating Disorders. Web. October 07. 2010. http://www. something-fishy. org/whatarethey/coe. php †¢ â€Å"Gastric Bypass Surgery. † Shabir Bhimji MD, PhD, Specializing in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Midland , TX Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A. D. A. M. Medine Plus, Trusted Healthy Information for You. Update Date, May 17. 2010. Web. October 07. 2010. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007199. htm †¢ â€Å"Overweight and Depression. † Women’s Health Resource, Taking Care of Your Body. Web. October 07. 2010. http://www. wdxcyber. com/overweight-depression. html †¢ â€Å"What are Overweight and Obesity† Overweight and Obesity. Revised March. 2010. Web. October 07. 2010. http://www. nhlbi. nih. ov/health/dci/Diseases/obe/obe_whatare. html †¢ Balko, Radley. â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business. † They Say / I say with Readings. Ed. Graff, Birkenstein, Durst. New York-London. 2009. 157-161. Print. †¢ Frisch, Louann. â€Å"7 Bad Habits of Overweight People. † Community and Resources. 24 Hours Fitness. Web. October 07. 2010. http://www. 24hourfitness. com/resources/weight_loss/articles/bad_habits. html †¢ Orbach, Susie. â€Å"Fat as a Feminist Issue. † They Say / I say with Readings. Ed. Graff, Birkenstein, Durst. New York-London. 2009. 200-205. Print. How to cite Being Fat a Big Issue, Papers